Nutritional DNA test

Nutritional DNA test

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Nutritional DNA test

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PREVENTIVE GENETIC CONTROL (DNA test):

His contribution to PREVENTION – PERSONALIZED TREATMENT OF OBESITY

Predisposing gene screening analyzes a large number of genes that have been selected from published scientific studies and are associated with a predisposition to obesity and increased body mass index (BMI).

Genetic testing allows the identification of a possible increased risk compared to the general population for the development of obesity by testing genes that affect:
1) energy saving, economy
2) overeating
3) the limited oxidation of lipids
4) lipogenesis and
5) reduced physical activity.

lifestilling-dna-testPreventive medicine and developments in Genetics have laid the foundations for a new way of dealing with increased weight. Predisposing genomics tests, in addition to identifying a possible increased predisposition, allow for the implementation of individualized interventions in diet and lifestyle with the aim of reducing weight.

All genes are examined regardless of gender and age. Sampling is done very easily by taking an epithelial scraping from the buccal mucosa with a cotton swab.

 

 

The genes we research and their effect on our areas of interest:

  • RESPONSE TO FOOD INTAKE / SENSE OF REWARD

The gene DRD2 it is related to the functioning of the reward center of the brain. At reduced levels of this protein there are reduced dopamine and brain binding sites and a reduced ability to produce feelings of euphoria. Individuals may show an increased susceptibility to substitute substances, such as food, that can enhance such feelings of euphoria. They therefore face an increased risk of obesity. Individuals tend to act without "second thoughts", making decisions on impulse, with a reduced ability to plan for the future. They therefore have a slightly increased risk compared to the general population for weight gain and obesity (Reward Deficiency Syndrome)

The gene 5-HT2A related to regulation of energy balance and effect on the reward center of the brain. The pathological genotype is associated with a higher dietary intake of fat and energy in general. Carriers have a slightly increased risk compared to the general population for weight gain and obesity

 

  • FAT LOSS

The gene ADRB3 is related to the regulation of lipolysis and has an effect on body mass index. The The gene ADRB2 it is related to regulation of lipolysis and heat energy production through metabolism. Individuals with the pathological genotype have impaired lipid metabolism with an increased risk compared to the general population of developing obesity in adulthood, but this probability is greatly reduced by physical exercise. Also, the risk of developing abdominal obesity increases when the diet is rich in carbohydrates.
The gene ADRA2A is related to regulation of lipolysis and blood glucose levels. In a pathological genotype we have increased blood glucose levels, increased fat storage as well as increased blood pressure. With appropriate training and nutrition, athletes can maintain or even increase their muscle mass and, by extension, reduce fat mass in the

their body

The gene ADRB1 is related to regulation of lipolysis and blood pressure. Physical exercise has a particularly positive effect on individuals with a pathological genotype

 

  • EATING BEHAVIOR AND METABOLISM

The gene AGRP is related to the regulation of eating behavior. Individuals with an abnormal genotype have an increased risk compared to the general population for weight gain and obesity, especially at older ages. The gene CAPN10 related to glucose metabolism. The pathological genotype shows reduced levels of CAPN10 in skeletal muscle. This results in the muscles 'avoiding' the metabolism of glucose to produce energy. Gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose) and caloric requirements during fasting periods are reduced. The body prefers to metabolize lipids and expand glycogen storage. When the body is supplied with adequate amounts of food, individuals with this polymorphism have an increased risk compared to the general population of developing insulin resistance and obesity, a symptom of the metabolic syndrome. The gene GNB3 it is related to the regulation of adipogenesis and the regulation of blood pressure. The pathological genotype This genotype is associated with increased lipogenesis. Individuals have an increased risk compared to the general population (1.23x) for high BMI and obesity development in the case of limited physical activity. Men in particular, have an increased predisposition compared to the general population for an increased waist circumference. The risk of obesity is negated in the case of increased physical activity. The gene MCHR1 is related to appetite (desire to eat), which is promoted by the binding of the protein to MCH. As a result, individuals with a pathological genotype have an increased appetite that leads to a predisposition compared to the general population for easier weight gain and obesity. Appetite-suppressing drugs may be beneficial for people with this type of gene who have weight problems. The gene BDNF related to energy balance (equilibrium

i.e. between energy intake and consumption) and the disposition to exercise. Negative effect of BDNF on energy balance, carriers have an increased predisposition compared to the general population (1.25x) to develop obesity. Polymorphism is associated with increased

predisposition in relation to the general population for the development of childhood obesity. The gene PPARg2  related to adipocyte differentiation and lipid and insulin metabolism.

The gene FTO is related to an effect on fat accumulation and Body Mass Index. Carriers have an increased risk compared to the general population for obesity, childhood obesity and an increased BMI (Body Mass Index) by o.45 Kg/m2. This risk is significantly reduced with physical exercise. The gene MC4R it is related to the regulation of appetite and the regulation of fat accumulation in the periphery. The gene SCG3 related to appetite regulation. In a pathological genotype we have reduced activity of SCG3. The suppression of orexin, MCH

and NPY are reduced, resulting in increased appetite (desire to eat). Carriers are predisposed to greater food consumption, facing an increased risk compared to the general population for obesity. The gene ACDC it is related to the regulation of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. The pathological genotype is associated with childhood

obesity (OR 1.24) and increased BMI in adulthood. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-atheromatous effects. The gene LEPR is related to the regulation of eating behavior. In a pathological genotype, resistance to leptin develops, consequently the appetite is not properly regulated. Carriers have an increased risk compared to the general population for weight gain and obesity. The gene SH2B1 related to regulation of fat storage and leptin levels. In a pathological genotype we have increased levels of leptin in the hypothalamus which lead to resistance to leptin and an increased risk for weight gain and obesity. Carriers have a slightly increased risk compared to the general population for increased BMI and obesity. The gene FABP2 related to intestinal absorption of fatty acids and lipid metabolism. Disorders in the absorption of fatty acids result in

increased oxidation of fat, increased levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the circulation as well as total cholesterol. Individuals have a slightly increased risk compared to the general population for weight gain and obesity

 

  • INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND OBESITY

The gene IL-6 related to glucose metabolism. The pathological genotype is related to reduced use of glucose by the body and reduced energy production from it. This has the consequence of increasing glucose reserves, inhibiting lipolysis and reducing fatty acid oxidation. The increase in blood glucose causes insulin resistance, characteristic of the Metabolic Syndrome which gradually leads to obesity. Carriers have an increased risk relative to the general population for a higher BMI. The polymorphism is a predisposing marker for abdominal obesity and parameters of glucose and insulin homeostasis. Specifically, obese carriers show a greater increase in IL6 levels, have a five-fold greater risk of type II diabetes and a 5-fold greater risk of obesity-related diseases than carriers of the other alleles. Also the IL-6 gene is associated with the inflammatory response

The gene TNF-a associated with the inflammatory response and insulin response.
The gene CRP associated with the inflammatory response. In a pathological genotype we have increased CRP levels associated with an increase in BMI and a low-fat diet is recommended

 

  • HYPERTENSION - OBESITY

The gene ADD1 is associated with a risk of hypertension due to dietary salt intake. The gene AGT  related to regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. In a pathological genotype we have increased blood pressure, mainly with salt intake. Carriers have an increased risk compared to the general population for hypertension (1.9x), which is due to salt sensitivity. The risk is reduced with a diet low in salt. The gene CYP11B2 related to sodium reabsorption by the kidneys and regulation of blood pressure. The gene NOS3  related to vasodilatation and tissue oxygenation. The gene ACE  related to blood pressure regulation. Elevated blood ACE levels are associated with increased blood pressure and an increased risk relative to the general population for hypertension and cardiovascular disease (1.62x)

 

  • ANTIOXIDANT ACTION AND DETOXIFICATION

The gene CAT is related to antioxidant protection and neutralization of free radicals. In increased enzyme activity of the gene there is a reduced risk compared to the general population for the development of neoplasia (0.83x), while in combination with fruit consumption the risk is further reduced (0.59x). The genes, SELS, SOD3 they are also related to antioxidant protection of skin cells. The gene GPX1 related to cellular aging, detoxification and antioxidant capacity. The gene SOD2 it is related to protection from oxygen free radicals and the risk of cell damage due to increased oxidative stress. The gene UCP2 associated with antioxidant activity. Reduced protection from free radicals leads to increased cellular damage, particularly when individuals follow a diet poor in antioxidants.

Also, the genotype is associated with disturbances in metabolism and the development of insulin resistance, as the corresponding enzyme participates in the regulation of leptin and in the regulation of food intake. The presence of the polymorphism in combination with polymorphisms in the IL-6 gene is associated with weight gain over time.

The gene EPHX1 related to metabolism of xenobiotic and pro-carcinogenic compounds into carcinogens. It is associated with protection against environmental toxins, particularly those found in car exhaust, cigarette smoke and smoke from coals used for cooking purposes. In a pathological genotype we have a greater risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and various forms of cancer.

 

 

  • METABOLISM OF LIPIDS

Genes are involved  APOA5, APOC3, ARB, LIPC which are related to lipid metabolism. Individuals with the abnormal APOA5 genotype have elevated blood lipid levels and have an increased risk (1.4x) compared to the general population for heart attack.

The genes  APOC3 and LPL related to triglyceride metabolism. The pathological genotype of LPL is associated with increased levels of VLDL in the blood especially in people who consume a lot of animal fat in their diet. The gene APOA1 related to the rate of removal of lipids from the blood circulation (protection of the cardiovascular system)

The gene RON1 related to the regulation of HDL cholesterol. Its pathological expression leads to an increased risk for elevated LDL levels and low HDL levels in the blood. This implies an increased risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, diabetic carriers face an increased risk (8.8x) for carotid atherosclerosis.

The gene CETP  related to the synthesis of HDL cholesterol ("good cholesterol") but also to the transport capacity of HDL. Also the gene LIPC is also related to the predisposition to type II diabetes.

  • HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS :

The genes TNC2   and MTR and MTRR related to regulation of homocysteine levels in the blood (removal of homocysteine). The gene MTHFR it is related to the metabolism of folic acid and the regulation of homocysteine levels in the blood. In reduced functionality we have an increased predisposition to high levels of homocysteine in the blood and risk for cardiovascular diseases - coronary heart disease. It is good to strengthen our diet with foods rich in B complex vitamins (folic acid, B6, B12).

 

 

The results of the test are easy to understand as the effect of each genotype is described with colored bars, in which the green color shows the existence of a genetic advantage for each accompanying gene, the yellow color means the neutral expression of the gene without any effect on the organism and red indicates an increased risk associated with the occurrence of damage to the biological system. Genotypes corresponding to the green and yellow color of the bar do not require corrective action. However, those that correspond to the red color of the bar need corrective actions.

Also, in the "Interpretations of the results", the final conclusion concerning each category of genes comes out according to the gravity of each negative genotype. This means that it is possible that although the signals in the green color of each bar are many times more than those in the red, the gene profile for the specific genes may reveal an increased risk and vulnerability.

 

 

Example result for gene

 

 

GLOSSARY

 

  • DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell and is the carrier of genetic information, not only in the sense of transferring characteristics, but also of the specialization of each cell to carry out its particular functions.

 

  • The Gene represents a small section of DNA and is responsible for the synthesis of specific substances or the expression of a specific characteristic (eg eye color). The human body has 30-50 thousand genes.

 

  • Mutation is a variation of the DNA sequence, where one nucleotide in a gene has been changed by another. The profile of mutations in various genes can determine the likelihood of disease and health disorders.

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